Population of Pakistan: Growth, Distribution and Migration (O Level Geography)

Population of Pakistan O Level questions test whether you can explain why the population is growing, why it is unevenly spread and what problems this creates.

Quick answer: Pakistan has a population of over 240 million (2023 census) and one of the highest growth rates in South Asia. Growth is driven by a high birth rate and a falling death rate. Population is densest in the irrigated Indus Plain and big cities, and sparsest in Balochistan and the northern mountains.

Why Is the Population Growing Fast?

• High birth rate: early marriages, desire for sons, low female literacy and limited family planning.
• Falling death rate: better healthcare, vaccination, cleaner water and improved food supply.
• A young population, so many people are entering child-bearing age.

Distribution and Density

• High density: upper Indus Plain (Punjab), Karachi, Peshawar valley — fertile soil, irrigation, industry and jobs.
• Low density: Balochistan, deserts and northern mountains — rugged land, little water, harsh climate and poor transport.

Population Structure

Pakistan’s population pyramid has a broad base and a narrow top. This shows a high birth rate, a large share of young dependants and lower life expectancy. In the exam, describe the shape first, then explain what it means for schools, jobs and healthcare.

Rural–Urban Migration

• Push factors: lack of jobs, small landholdings, mechanisation, poor schools and hospitals.
• Pull factors: employment in industry and services, better education and healthcare, higher wages.
• Effects on cities: overcrowding, katchi abadis, traffic, pressure on water, electricity and transport.

Problems of Rapid Growth and Solutions

• Pressure on food, housing, schools and hospitals
• Unemployment and underemployment
• Solutions: female education, family planning, rural development and job creation

Exam Tip

Population questions often include a graph or pyramid. Quote figures from the resource, then give reasons. Practise with past papers and mark schemes.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the population of Pakistan?

According to the 2023 census, Pakistan’s population is over 240 million, making it one of the most populous countries in the world.

Why is population density low in Balochistan?

Balochistan has a dry climate, rugged terrain, limited water and farmland, and poor transport links, so few people live there.

What are push and pull factors?

Push factors are problems that make people leave rural areas, such as lack of jobs. Pull factors are the attractions of cities, such as employment, education and healthcare.